МОЛОДЁЖНЫЙ ПРОЕКТ ДЛЯ ТЕХ, КТО ДЕЛАЕТ ПЕРВЫЕ ШАГИ В НАУКЕ
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2015. Том 9. Выпуск 2. Тематический выпуск ПРОСТРАНСТВО И ВРЕМЯ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ / Thematic Issue SPACE, TIME AND DECISION MAKING / Die thematische Ausgabe RAUM UND ZEIT DER ENTSCHEIDUNGSFINDUNG
ПРИНЯТИЕ РЕШЕНИЯ И СРЕДА: ДИСКУРСЫ — ТЕХНОЛОГИИ — ПРОБЛЕМЫ КОММУНИКАЦИИ / DECISION MAKING AND ENVIRONMENT: DISCOURSES — TECHNOLOGIES — COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS / ENTSCHEIDUNGSFINDUNG UND UMWELT: DISKURSEN — TECHNOLOGIEN — KOMMUNIKATIONSPROBLEMEN
Горохов В.Г.
Проблема принятия решений в условиях технологических рисков в современном глобальном обществе
Горохов Виталий Георгиевич, доктор философских наук, профессор, заведующий сектором Междисциплинарных проблем научно-технического развития Института философии РАН
E-mail: vitaly.gorokhov@mail.ru
К концу XX в. все сильнее осознаются технологические риски многих продуктов научно-технического прогресса, как, например, атомных электростанций, химических заводов, генно-инженерных исследований и разработок. Но если раньше вопрос о рисках рассматривался исключительно в рамках математической теории принятия решений, применяемой в сфере экономического страхования рисков, то сегодня эта тема также обсуждается с философских и социологических позиций. В статье дается краткий обзор современной западной литературы по этой проблематике.
Ключевые слова: техника и общество, технологический риск, риск и опасность, социальные последствия техники.
Литература
Грунвальд А. Техника и общество: западноевропейский опыт исследования социальных последствий научно-технического развития. М.: Логос, 2010.
Beck U. Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1986.3
Beck U. Gegengifte, Die organisierte Unverantwortlichkeit. Frankfurt. a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1989.
Birnbacher D. "Ethische Dimensionen bei der Bewertung technischer Risiken." Technikverantwortung. Güterabwägung — Risikobewertung — Verhaltenskodizes. Hrsg. H. Lenk, M. Maring. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus-Verlag, 1991, S. 136—147.
Bonß W. "Unsicherheit und Gesellschaft — Argumente für eine soziologische Risikoforschung." Soziale Welt, 91.4 (1991): 258—275.
Emerging Risks. Sources, Drivers and Governance Issues. Phase 1 of the IRGC Project on: Developing Guidance for People and Organizations to Improve Their Own Detection of Emerging Risks, Mainly by Looking at How and Why Risks Emerge. Geneva: International Risk Governance Council, 2009. PDF-file. <http://www.irgc.org/IMG/pdf/IRGC_ EmergingRisks_CN_final.pdf>.
Evers A., Nowotny H. Über den Umgang mit Unsicherheit. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1987.
Femers S. Jungermann H. Risikoindikatoren. Eine Systematisierung und Diskussion von Risikomaßnahmen und Risikovergleichen. Heft 21. Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich, 1991.
Gigerenzer G. "Ursachen gefühlten Risiken. In: In Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung." Rechtfertigen "gefühlte" Risiken staatliches Handeln? Festveranstaltung zum 5–jährigen Bestehen des Bundesinstitutes für Risikobewertung (BfR) vom 7. November 2007. Berlin: Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, 2008, S. 41—47.
Grunwald A. "Technology Assessment; Concepts and Methods." Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Sciences. Ed. A. Meijers Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, pp. 1103—1146.
Kuhbier P. "Vom nahezu sicheren Eintreten eines fast unmöglichen Ereignisses — oder warum wir Kernkraftwerkunfällen auch trotz ihrer geringen Wahrscheinlichkeit kaum entgehen werden." Leviathan 4 (1986): 604—614.
Lübbe H. Fortschrittsreaktionen. Über konservative und destruktive Modernität. Graz; Wien; Köln: Styria Verlag, 1987.
Mitcham С., Briggle A. "The Interaction Ethics and Technology in Historical Perspective." Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Sciences. Ed. A. Meijers. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, pp. 1147—1194.
Rechtfertigen "gefühlte" Risiken staatliches Handeln? Festveranstaltung zum 5-jährigen Bestehen des Bundesinstitutes für Risikobewertung (BfR) vom 7. November 2007. Berlin: Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, 2008.
Shrader-Frechette K.S. Risk and Rationality: Philosophical Foundations for Populist Reforms. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991.
Цитирование по ГОСТ Р 7.0.11—2011:
Горохов, В. Г. Проблема принятия решений в условиях технологических рисков в современном глобальном обществе [Электронный ресурс] / В.Г. Горохов // Электронное научное издание Альманах Пространство и Время. — 2015. — Т. 9. — Вып. 2: Пространство и время принятия решений. — Стационарный сетевой адрес: 2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast9-2.2015.42.
Gorokhov V.G.
The Problem of Decision Making under Technological Risks in Today's Global Society
Vitaly G. Gorokhov, D.Phil. (Philosophy of Science), Professor, Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Interdisciplinary Problems in the Advance of Science and Technology
E-mail: vitaly.gorokhov@mail.ru
At the late 20th century, the rise of societal risk awareness due to the most advanced products of scientific and technological progress became evident and perceived. Nuclear power facilities, chemical plants, genetic engineering, and other products of scientific technology are today at the center of the public debate on risk. Technological and scientific risks cannot be calculated only economically and mathematically. Not only mathematicians, engineers and economists, but also sociologists and philosophers are included today in the debate on the risk society.
My article is brief survey an overview of some of the most conceptual Western studies of this subject (first of all, on understanding of concept of risk in the context of environment of human-technological), which I examine using social-philosophical and cross-disciplinary approaches.
This review allowed me to identify the core of the concept of risk. First of all, this is indeterminacy, undependability of future decision making and attitudes toward the world. Future events regarded as ‘incidental’, as which able to be different. Uncertainty arises on the implications associated with a particular decision that can have both positive and negative consequences. Innovation and risk are forms of description of contemporary society that are relevant to the entire structure of society and reflect the changed circumstances that are typical for the particular time. Modern society has broken off continuity of past and future. From the perspective of the present, we are in a confrontation with the unknown future, on the one hand, and hopelessly historicized past, which henceforth cannot affect our activities and our decisions, on the other hand. By innovation we mean in this case decision-making process, in which we decide to do something different than expected. Thereby expectations themselves are changing. By the risk in this case we mean decision, in which it comes to possible damage, occurrence of which is uncertain today, but more or less probable or improbable. Both of these decisions operate with the future dimension.
My conclusion is follows: in the current discussions about the need to modernize and accelerate progress along the path of innovative development as the principal means of survival in competitive global environment, the emphasis is on the positive aspects of this movement. Possible negative consequences fade into the background or are not considered at all. Meanwhile, one of these effects may be the loss of traditions. At the same time, it is very important to take into account our own experience in the development of innovative systems rather than only seek to transfer the experience of other countries: it is important to consider it, but not to be confined to them.
Keywords: technology and society, technological risks, risk and danger, technology assessment.
References:
Beck U. Gegengifte, Die organisierte Unverantwortlichkeit. Frankfurt. a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1989.
Beck U. Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1986.3
Birnbacher D. "Ethische Dimensionen bei der Bewertung technischer Risiken." Technikverantwortung. Güterabwägung — Risikobewertung — Verhaltenskodizes. Hrsg. H. Lenk, M. Maring. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus-Verlag, 1991, S. 136—147.
Bonß W. "Unsicherheit und Gesellschaft — Argumente für eine soziologische Risikoforschung." Soziale Welt, 91.4 (1991): 258—275.
Emerging Risks. Sources, Drivers and Governance Issues. Phase 1 of the IRGC Project on: Developing Guidance for People and Organizations to Improve Their Own Detection of Emerging Risks, Mainly by Looking at How and Why Risks Emerge. Geneva: International Risk Governance Council, 2009. PDF-file. <http://www.irgc.org/IMG/pdf/IRGC_ EmergingRisks_CN_final.pdf>.
Evers A., Nowotny H. Über den Umgang mit Unsicherheit. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1987.
Femers S. Jungermann H. Risikoindikatoren. Eine Systematisierung und Diskussion von Risikomaßnahmen und Risikovergleichen. Heft 21. Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich, 1991.
Gigerenzer G. "Ursachen gefühlten Risiken. In: In Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung." Rechtfertigen "gefühlte" Risiken staatliches Handeln? Festveranstaltung zum 5–jährigen Bestehen des Bundesinstitutes für Risikobewertung (BfR) vom 7. November 2007. Berlin: Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, 2008, S. 41—47.
Grunwald A. Technology and Society: West-European Experience of the Technology Assessment. Moscow: Logos Publisher, 2010. (In Russian).
Grunwald A. "Technology Assessment; Concepts and Methods." Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Sciences. Ed. A. Meijers Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, pp. 1103—1146.
Kuhbier P. "Vom nahezu sicheren Eintreten eines fast unmöglichen Ereignisses — oder warum wir Kernkraftwerkunfällen auch trotz ihrer geringen Wahrscheinlichkeit kaum entgehen werden." Leviathan 4 (1986): 604—614.
Lübbe H. Fortschrittsreaktionen. Über konservative und destruktive Modernität. Graz; Wien; Köln: Styria Verlag, 1987.
Mitcham С., Briggle A. "The Interaction Ethics and Technology in Historical Perspective." Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Sciences. Ed. A. Meijers. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, pp. 1147—1194.
Rechtfertigen "gefühlte" Risiken staatliches Handeln? Festveranstaltung zum 5-jährigen Bestehen des Bundesinstitutes für Risikobewertung (BfR) vom 7. November 2007. Berlin: Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, 2008.
Shrader-Frechette K.S. Risk and Rationality: Philosophical Foundations for Populist Reforms. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991.
Cite MLA 7:
Gorokhov, V. G. "The Problem of Decision Making under Technological Risks in Today's Global Society." Elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie Al'manakh Prostranstvo i Vremya [Electronic Scientific Edition Almanac Space and Time: Space, Time and Decision Making] 9.2 (2015). Web. <2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast9-2.2015.42>. (In Russian).
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