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ПРОСТРАНСТВО ПРОСТРАНСТВ / SPACE OF THE SPACES / RAUM DER RÄUME

Сытник В.М.

Основные концепты категории пространства в японской архитектуре

Сытник Вероника Михайловна, кандидат философских наук, доцент кафедры философии Московского авиационного института (национального исследовательского университета)

E-mail: sytnikvm@gmail.com

В статье рассматриваются главные концепты пространства в архитектуре Японии: «центр», «пустота», «тень», «промежуток», позволяющие лучше понять не только основы японской архитектуры, но и глубже постичь принципы традиционной культуры Японии, в том числе в сравнении с западной культурой. Прослежено влияние буддийской философии на становление категории пространства в японском зодчестве.

Ключевые слова: Япония, японская архитектура, буддизм, интерьер, дом, пространство, центр, пустота, промежуток, тень, глубина.

Литература

Барт Р. Империя знаков. М.: Праксис, 2004.

Гачев Г.Д. Национальные образы мира: Курс лекций. М.: Академия, 1998.

Кавадзоэ Н. Японская архитектура. М.: Наука, 1990.

Николаева Н.С. Художественные особенности традиционного японского интерьера // Искусство Японии / Под ред. И.Ф. Муриан. М.: Наука, 1965. С. 112—129.

Роули Дж. Принципы китайской живописи. М.: Наука, 1989.

Танидзаки Д. Похвала тени. СПб.: Азбука-классика, 2004.

Brown A. The Very Small Home: Japanese Ideas for Living Well in Limited Space. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International, 2005.

Daniell T. "Beyond Style: A Case Study in Contemporary Japanese Residential Architecture." Architecture and Identity. Eds. P. Herde and E. Wegerhoff. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2008, pp. 103—113.

Fumihiko M. "Japanese City Spaces and the Concept of Oku." Japan Architect 264.5 (1979): 50—62.

Inoue M. Space in Japanese Architecture. Trans. H. Watanabe. New York and Tokyo: John Weatherhill Inc., 1985.

Kazuo N., Kazuo H. What is Japanese Architecture?. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd., 1986.

Li D. "The Concept of “Oku” in Japanese and Chinese Traditional Paintings, Gardens and Architecture: A Comparative Study." Proceedings of the XXIV World Congress of Architecture (Tokyo, Sept. 2011). PDF-file. <http://www.hues.kyushu-u.ac.jp/education/student/pdf/2009/2HE08084E.pdf>.

Locher M., Kuma K., Simmons B. Traditional Japanese Architecture: An Exploration of Elements and Forms. Tokyo and Rutland, VT.: Tuttle Publishers, 2010.

Nishihara K. Japanese Houses; Patterns For Living. Trans. R.L. Gage. Tokyo and New York: Japan Publications, 1968.

Nute K. Place, Time and Being in Japanese Architecture. London: Routledge, 1994.

Roth L.M., Clark A.R. Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, and Meaning. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2013.

Snodgrass A. "Thinking Through the Gap: The Space of Japanese Architecture." Architectural Theory Review 16.2 (2011): 136—156.

Ueda A. The Inner Harmony of the Japanese House. Trans. G. Nitschke. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha USA Inc., 1998.

Young D., Young M. The Art of Japanese Architecture. Tokyo and Rutland, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2007.

Basic Concepts of Category of Space in Japanese Architecture

Veronika M. Sytnik, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University).

E-mail: sytnikvm@gmail.com

Japanese architecture is unique phenomenon; it most clearly expresses features of national culture. One of them is a kind of understanding of space that defines the architectural principles of construction of buildings. Study of this understanding allows a deeper insight into the religious world of the Japanese and their way of life. On the other hand, some ideas of Japanese residential architecture appeared demanded in the practice of European design, particularly for the organization of small placements and limited areas. It is also an additional reason to study spatial decisions in the Japanese residential architecture.

The subjects of this article are basic spatial concepts of Japanese architecture, such as ‘center’, ‘emptiness’, ‘shadow’, ‘interspace’, which I examines using genetic and formal methods, as well as using method of religious studies.

In my article, I prove Japanese architecture is space without center or where the center remains empty, in contrast to Western architecture, where all the main buildings and other symbols of culture are situated in the center. The concepts of emptiness, shadow and interspace are also important for Japanese Zen and Shinto culture. Within the framework of Zen Buddhism these concepts form an interconnected triad where emptiness is symbolically associated with the Absolute, interspace represents the transition from the outside to the inside, and sacred value of shadow associated with the idea of self-worth all that exists.

I conclude Japanese architecture inherits ease of design, free spaciousness when the space flows smoothly from room to room, from the inside to the outside environment, not limited by rigid fixed partitions. Empty and the intermediate space are widely used as a national Japanese architecture. Moreover, not only contemporary Japanese architects actively apply these concepts in their work, but modern Western designers willingly use these principles of spatial organization.

Keywords: Japan, Japanese architecture, Buddhism, interior, house, space, center, emptiness, interspace, shadow, depth.

References:

Bart R. Empire of Signs. Moscow: Praxis Publisher, 2004. (In Russian).

Brown A. The Very Small Home: Japanese Ideas for Living Well in Limited Space. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International, 2005.

Daniell T. "Beyond Style: A Case Study in Contemporary Japanese Residential Architecture." Architecture and Identity. Eds. P. Herde and E. Wegerhoff. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2008, pp. 103—113.

Fumihiko M. "Japanese City Spaces and the Concept of Oku." Japan Architect 264.5 (1979): 50—62.

Gachev G.D. National Images of the World. Lectures. Moscow: Academy Publisher, 1998. (In Russian).

Inoue M. Space in Japanese Architecture. Trans. H. Watanabe. New York and Tokyo: John Weatherhill Inc., 1985.

Kawazoе N. Japanese Architecture. Moscow: Nauka Publisher, 1990. (In Russian).

Kazuo N., Kazuo H. What is Japanese Architecture?. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd., 1986.

Li D. "The Concept of “Oku” in Japanese and Chinese Traditional Paintings, Gardens and Architecture: A Comparative Study." Proceedings of the XXIV World Congress of Architecture (Tokyo, Sept. 2011). PDF-file. <http://www.hues.kyushu-u.ac.jp/education/student/pdf/2009/2HE08084E.pdf>.

Locher M., Kuma K., Simmons B. Traditional Japanese Architecture: An Exploration of Elements and Forms. Tokyo and Rutland, VT.: Tuttle Publishers, 2010.

Nikolaeva N.S. "Artistic Features of Traditional Japanese Interior." Japanese Art. Ed. I.F. Murian. Moscow: Nauka Publisher, 1965, pp. 112—129. (In Russian).

Nishihara K. Japanese Houses; Patterns For Living. Trans. R.L. Gage. Tokyo and New York: Japan Publications, 1968.

Nute K. Place, Time and Being in Japanese Architecture. London: Routledge, 1994.

Roth L.M., Clark A.R. Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, and Meaning. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2013.

Rowley G. Principles of Chinese Painting. Moscow: Nauka Publisher, 1989. (In Russian).

Snodgrass A. "Thinking Through the Gap: The Space of Japanese Architecture." Architectural Theory Review 16.2 (2011): 136—156.

Tanidzaki D. In Praise of the Shadows. St. Petersburg: Azbuka-klassika Publisher, 2004. (In Russian).

Ueda A. The Inner Harmony of the Japanese House. Trans. G. Nitschke. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha USA Inc., 1998.

Young D., Young M. The Art of Japanese Architecture. Tokyo and Rutland, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2007..

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