МОЛОДЁЖНЫЙ ПРОЕКТ ДЛЯ ТЕХ, КТО ДЕЛАЕТ ПЕРВЫЕ ШАГИ В НАУКЕ
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2016. Том 12. Выпуск 2.
Романов А.А.
Краткий очерк истории расквартирования и обустройства пограничной стражи Российского государства (862—1917 гг.)
Романов Александр Александрович, кандидат военных наук, профессор, эксперт Фонда национальной и международной безопасности, заслуженный работник высшей школы Российской Федерации,действительный член Международной академии информатизации, полковник в отставке
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9118-4463E-mail: alexander-a-romanov@j-spacetime.com
В статье обсуждается опыт расквартирования и обустройства пограничной стражи Российского государства, начиная с самых ранних этапов его существования. Представлен анализ эволюции подходов к созданию необходимых условий для обеспечения служебной деятельности, жизни и быта порубежной стражи при организации охраны и защиты границы, позитивные и негативные решения объективного и субъективного характера в сфере социального обустройства и расходов государственной казны.
Ключевые слова: порубежные (пограничные) формирования; дислокация; расквартирование порубежного (пограничного) формирования; пограничный пост; таможенный пост; обустройство пограничного формирования; расходы на обустройство границы.
Цитирование по ГОСТ Р 7.0.11—2011:
Романов, А. А. Краткий очерк истории расквартирования и обустройства пограничной стражи Российского государства (862—1917 гг.) [Электронный ресурс] / А.А. Романов // Электронное научное издание Альманах Пространство и Время. — 2016. — Т. 12. — Вып. 2. — Стационарный сетевой адрес: 2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast12-2.2016.53.
Romanov A.A.
A Short History of Billeting and Fitting Out of Border Guards of the Russian State (862—1917)
Alexander A. Romanov, Sc.D. (Military Science), M.Hist., Professor, expert at the Foundation for National and International Security (Moscow), Honored Worker of Higher School of the Russian Federation, Member of the International Informatization Academy, retired colonel
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9118-4463E-mail: alexander-a-romanov@j-spacetime.com
The new geopolitical and economic realities demanded a fundamentally new approach to the strengthening of the Russian State border. In this regard, interest is how throughout history Russian authorities solved problems of arrangement of border guard units, as well as spending from the state treasury to create conditions for Border Guard Service and everyday life of border guards themselves. This interest has also caused certain eurhythmics (repetitiveness, perhaps even cyclicality) of political processes, and, therewith, the formation and dynamics of the state border and its protection force, and therefore the repetitiveness of trends and approaches to ensuring appropriate conditions of service and life of border guards.
In my article, based on a critical analysis of the historiographical sources within the framework of historical and genetic approach, I represent a brief overview of the main stages of becoming and development of the Russian Border Guard Service organization as regards its socio-economic provision.
I traced evolution of Border Guard Service arrangement from its maintenance exclusively through the efforts of the local population of the border regions (9th—15th cc.) to the state machinery’s incurring of all financial and administrative burden on border infrastructure arrangement (early 16th — late 19th cc.). With increasing length of the border, the main problem has been the increase the cost of placement of border and customs posts and quartering of border guards and customs. In many regions, exacerbating the problem was that difficult climatic and geographical conditions were unfit both for official duty performances and even for living.
In the 19th century, there were two approaches that took shape regarding the matter of border guards’ billeting. The basis of the first approach was an idealized vision of maximum possible comfort of border guards’ dwelling, regardless of local conditions. According to the second one, such habitation must be capable of meeting requirements of minimal comfort just enough to provides the course of duty. In late 19th c., both approaches have been tried in the conditions of the Black Sea coast. This testing has proven effectiveness (not only economical) of the second approach, because it was focused on the use of those types of local dwellings, which for centuries allowed adapting to local natural conditions. Also for mass building of the border guards’ barracks, materials allowing quickly producing construction work (first of all, concrete) were used.
In the last decade of the 19th century, it has become apparent that it is necessary, on the one hand, to create maximally favorable living conditions for border guards, on the other hand, to equip posts (cordons) such a manner that they could have been minimally burdensome for the state treasury. For this reason, in the last decades of the 19th century, the practice of partial arrangement of the border (construction of border and customs posts) by efforts of personnel of the border operation units (the so-called construction without contractors) was revived, with yielding up to 30—35% savings over contracting prices. This practice was profitable for state treasury, and it lasted until the early 21 century.
I conclude that nowadays, it is advisable to turn to the experience of the late 19th century: do not build on the border ‘palaces’ which cost 120—160 million rubles, but look for more modern ways of construction of military camps, for example, mobile modular unit construction of divisions (frontier outposts) and departments (border commandant's headquarters). Thus it would be possible to reduce significantly the cost and timing of their construction without degrading accommodation comfort of border guards and their families.
Keywords: border units; dislocation; billeting of border unit; border post; customs post; arrangement of border unit; expenditure on arrangement of the border.
Cite MLA 7:
Romanov, A. A. "A Short History of Billeting and Fitting Out of Border Guards of the Russian State (862—1917)." Electronic Scientific Edition Almanac Space and Time 12.2(2016). Web. <2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast12-2.2016.53>. (In Russian).
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